{"id":850,"date":"2014-06-18T07:59:03","date_gmt":"2014-06-18T07:59:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/bitcoinromania.ro\/?p=850"},"modified":"2026-03-01T13:46:55","modified_gmt":"2026-03-01T11:46:55","slug":"sub-acoperisul-sistemului-bitcoin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bitcoinromania.ro\/blog\/sub-acoperisul-sistemului-bitcoin\/","title":{"rendered":"Sub acoperi\u0219ul sistemului Bitcoin"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bitcoin este bazat pe o re\u021bea peer-to-peer care \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 informa\u021bii din toate nodurile re\u021belei sale. Exist\u0103 dou\u0103 tipuri de obiecte care sunt \u00eenregistrate: tranzac\u021biile \u0219i blocurile. Ambele tipuri de obiecte sunt abordate de un num\u0103r de \u00eencercare de solu\u021bionare a datelor \u0219i sunt \u00eenregistrate prin intermediul tuturor nodurilor din re\u021bea. Tranzac\u021biile sunt operatori unde banii sunt combina\u021bi, \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bi\u021bi \u0219i achita\u021bi. Blocurile \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 tranzac\u021biile verificate ca valide.<\/p>\n

Cheltuirea<\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 Alice vrea s\u0103 achite 1 Bitcoin lui Bob \u0219i 2 Bitcoini lui Carol. Monedele lui Alice \u201elocuiesc\u201d \u00een tranzac\u021bii care \u00eei desemneaz\u0103 cheia public\u0103 ca beneficiar. Pentru a cheltui monede, Alice creaz\u0103 o nou\u0103 tranzac\u021bie care sus\u021bine orice moned\u0103 pe care nu a cheltuit-o \u00eenc\u0103 \u0219i poate s\u0103 achite mai departe, folosindu-\u0219i semn\u0103tura digital\u0103, 4 monede primite de la Diana \u0219i Andrei ca inputuri ale noilor tranzac\u021bii. Ca outpuri, ea specific\u0103 1 Bitcoin pentru Bob \u0219i 2 Bitcoini pentru Carol \u0219i 4.99 se \u00eentorc c\u0103tre ea ca \u201erest\u201d. \u00cen acest exemplu, Alice alege s\u0103 lase 0.01 Bitcoini pe post de tax\u0103 a tranzac\u021biei \u0219i pot fi lua\u021bi de oricine confirm\u0103 primul tranzac\u021bia.<\/p>\n

Verificarea<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pentru ca o tranzac\u021bie s\u0103 fie confirmat\u0103, componentele variate ale acesteia trebuie s\u0103 fie validate \u0219i verificate \u00een vederea dublei cheltuiri. Odat\u0103 verificat\u0103, tranzac\u021bia este incorporat\u0103 \u00een recordurile oficiale denumite blocuri. Oricine are posibilitatea s\u0103 creeze astfel de blocuri \u0219i desigur dou\u0103 tipuri de stimuli sunt oferi\u021bi pentru a atrage persoane care s\u0103 verifice pentru a completa crearea unui bloc: colectarea taxelor \u0219i minarea pentru noi monede.<\/p>\n

Fabricarea<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rezerva de Bitcoin se extinde cu fiecare bloc creat ce con\u021bine o tranzac\u021bie generat\u0103 special ( f\u0103r\u0103 un input explicit ) ce pl\u0103te\u0219te creatorul blocului o cantitate de Bitcoini \u00een func\u021bie de efortul depus. Odat\u0103 la fiecare 10 minute o astfel de plat\u0103 este f\u0103cut\u0103, \u00een momentul de fa\u021b\u0103 aceasta fiind de 25 de Bitcoini. Verificarea tranzac\u021biilor Bitcoin este o curs\u0103 lucrativ\u0103 disponibil\u0103 tuturor, \u00eens\u0103 una care consta destul de mult.<\/p>\n

\"Bitcoin_Logo\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Tranzac\u021bionare \u0219i scriptare: unelte de cheltuire<\/h2>\n

Una din principalele puteri ale sistemului Bitcoin este faptul c\u0103 input-ul \u0219i output-ul tranzac\u021biilor nu trebuie s\u0103 aib\u0103 un format fix, ci mai degrab\u0103 unul construit folosind un limbaj de scriptare flexibil. Remarc\u0103m faptul c\u0103 principiile tranzac\u021biilor nu sunt utilizatori, ci chei publice anonime, pe care utilizatorii le pot crea gratuit \u00een orice volum doresc.<\/p>\n

Tranzac\u021biile<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tranzac\u021biile \u00eenglobeaz\u0103 mi\u0219carea bitcoinilor prin transferul de valoare primit din input-uri \u0219i output-uri. Un input identific\u0103 tranzac\u021bii precedente ale output-ului \u0219i \u00eei verific\u0103 \u00eentreaga valoare. Un output reprezint\u0103 o anumit\u0103 cantitate, num\u0103rul total de output-uri nu trebuie s\u0103-l dep\u0103\u0219easc\u0103 pe cel total de input-uri. De asemenea, am\u00e2ndou\u0103 con\u021bin fragmente de scripturi executabile.<\/p>\n

Fragmente de scripturi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Limba de scriptare este pentru Bitcoin o limb\u0103 de baz\u0103. Operatorii includ opera\u021biuni criptografice precum SHA1 ( ce \u00eenlocuie\u0219te itemul din v\u00e2rful structurii cu rata acestuia de solu\u021bionare ) \u0219i CHECKSIG ( ce verific\u0103 dac\u0103 este adev\u0103rat sau fals un anumit \u201emesaj\u201d din semn\u0103tura digital\u0103, ce este \u0219i ea la r\u00e2ndul ei verificat\u0103 ). Pentru ca o tranzac\u021bie s\u0103 fie valid\u0103, trebuie s\u0103 apar\u0103 titlul fiec\u0103rui input sus\u021binut. Titlul este testat prin evaluarea fragmentului de script al input-ului concatenat cu fragmentul de script al output-ului.<\/p>\n

Transferul standard<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pentru a ilustra cum limbajul de scriptare poate fi folosit, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 alte lucruri, pentru a desemna sau \u00eemputernici recipientul unui transfer, vom studia exemplul unei tranzac\u021bii standard Bitcoin folosit pentru transfer. Pentru a trimite monede la o adres\u0103, Alice creaz\u0103 un output de tranzac\u021bie cu urm\u0103torul fragment de script:<\/p>\n

DUP HASH160 <recipient-address> EQUALVERIFY CHECKSIG<\/em><\/p>\n

Cel care prime\u0219te monedele, Bob, va observa plata \u0219i o va marca ca \u201echeltuit\u201d. Mai departe, pentru a cheltui ace\u0219ti Bitcoini primi\u021bi, el creaz\u0103 o tranzac\u021bie:<\/p>\n

<signature> <public-key><\/em><\/p>\n

Bob va cheltui monedele primite de la Alice doar dac\u0103 transferul a fost valid, iar verificarea acestuia se face prin concatenarea celor dou\u0103 fragmente de scripturi afi\u0219ate anterior.<\/p>\n

Blocuri \u0219i crearea de monede: procesul de verificare<\/h2>\n

Tranzac\u021biile devin eficiente doar dup\u0103 ce au fost f\u0103cute cu referire la un bloc, care serve\u0219te ca record oficial pentru executarea tranzac\u021biei. Tranzac\u021biile pot fi listate \u00eentr-un bloc dac\u0103 satisfac condi\u021biile precum validarea timpului de lucru \u0219i absen\u021ba dublei cheltuieli.<\/p>\n

Blocurile<\/strong><\/p>\n

Un bloc con\u021bine o tranzac\u021bie fabricat\u0103 \u201ecoinbase\u201d, zero sau mai multe tranzac\u021bii regulare de cheltuire, o dovad\u0103 de munc\u0103 computerizat\u0103 \u0219i o referin\u021b\u0103 cronologic\u0103 pentru fiecare bloc \u00een parte. Cu toate acestea, blocurile formeaz\u0103 o singur\u0103 \u00eenl\u0103n\u021buire de blocuri, toate \u00eenr\u0103d\u0103cinate \u00een blocul genesis al lui Nakamoto. Crearea regular\u0103 de Bitcoin serve\u0219te din dou\u0103 puncte de vedere: asigurarea de verificare \u00een timp a noilor tranzac\u021bii \u0219i crearea de noi monede, totul \u00eentr-un proces descentralizat condus de stimuli economici, balansat de costuri computerizate. Dificultatea dovezii de munc\u0103 necesar\u0103 este adjustat\u0103 de un mecanism de feedback care asigur\u0103 c\u0103 un bloc poate fi creat odat\u0103 la 10 minute \u00een \u00eentreaga re\u021bea.<\/p>\n

Coinbase<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen momentul de fa\u021b\u0103, fiecare bloc nou poate con\u021bine o tranzac\u021bie coinbase cu o valoare implicit\u0103 de 25 de Bitcoini, cu aproape 14 milioane de Bitcoini deja mina\u021bi. Rata de minerit va descre\u0219te treptat p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd se va ajunge la un num\u0103r de 21 milioane de Bitcoini mina\u021bi.<\/p>\n

Bifurcarea \u0219i rezolvarea conflictelor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 dou\u0103 blocuri au fost publicate foarte aproape unul de cel\u0103lalt, o bifurcare poate avea loc \u00een lan\u021bul de blocuri. Nodurile sunt programate s\u0103 urm\u0103reasc\u0103 lan\u021bul de blocuri al c\u0103rui dificultate este foarte mare \u0219i are capacitatea de a scoate blocuri din celelalte bifurca\u021bii. Tranzac\u021biile vor fi colectate \u00een cele din urm\u0103 \u00een blocuri de pe ramurile predominante, acest mecanism asigur\u00e2nd o singur\u0103 direc\u021bie \u00een care tranzac\u021biile par s\u0103 fie acceptate.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bitcoin este bazat pe o re\u021bea peer-to-peer care \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 informa\u021bii din toate nodurile re\u021belei sale. Exist\u0103 dou\u0103 tipuri de obiecte care sunt \u00eenregistrate: tranzac\u021biile \u0219i blocurile. Ambele tipuri de obiecte sunt abordate de un num\u0103r de \u00eencercare de solu\u021bionare a datelor \u0219i sunt \u00eenregistrate prin intermediul tuturor nodurilor din re\u021bea. Tranzac\u021biile sunt operatori unde banii sunt combina\u021bi, \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bi\u021bi \u0219i achita\u021bi. Blocurile \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 tranzac\u021biile verificate ca valide. Cheltuirea S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 Alice vrea s\u0103 achite 1 Bitcoin lui Bob \u0219i 2Read More<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":852,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[140,141,139],"class_list":["post-850","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-crearea-de-monede","tag-procesul-de-verificare-bitcoin","tag-tranzactionare-si-scriptare"],"yoast_head":"\nSub acoperi\u0219ul sistemului Bitcoin - Bitcoin Romania<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Rezerva de Bitcoin se extinde cu fiecare bloc creat ce con\u021bine o tranzac\u021bie generat\u0103 special.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bitcoinromania.ro\/blog\/sub-acoperisul-sistemului-bitcoin\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sub acoperi\u0219ul sistemului Bitcoin - 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